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General => Lounge => Automotive News & Fuel/Energy debate/discussion => Topic started by: Cougar5.0 on January 04, 2009, 02:29:34 PM

Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: Cougar5.0 on January 04, 2009, 02:29:34 PM
From Fuel Economy Study - Comparing Performance and Cost of Various Ethanol Blends and Standard Unleaded Gasoline (http://"http://www.ethanol.org/pdf/contentmgmt/ACEFuelEconomyStudy_001.pdf"):
Quote
RESULTS
1) The three vehicles averaged
1.5% lower mileage with E10,
2.2% lower mileage with E20,
5.1% lower mileage with E30,
and miles per gallon actually increased by an average of 1.7% when using E10AK made with the specially denatured ethanol. E10AK was the highest mileage fuel in two of three cars.
...


I thought this was an interesting study - go read it to see the detail of the experiment. It seems to show that there is not direct correlation between the BTU content of alcohol blended fuels and gas mileage.
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: mywifeskitty on January 04, 2009, 02:53:37 PM
it says in my owners manual for my flex-fuel 2000 grand caravan that when you use e85 you should notice a 5% drop in fuel mileage and 10% drop in power.....  the justification for this is that even thought you actually spend more per gallon for the e85, the exhaust is much cleaner and you're not burning nearly as much fossil fuel product......  for me, if i'm not saving money, i'm not going to do it


in an unrelated "did you know", i was watching modern marvels the other night and they said that 15% of the US rice crop is bought by Anheuser-Busch for the production of beer.......  no wonder my minute rice is so expensive :)
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: Cougar5.0 on January 04, 2009, 03:12:36 PM
Quote from: mywifeskitty;250172
for me, if i'm not saving money, i'm not going to do it


The American motto... ;)
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: mywifeskitty on January 04, 2009, 03:14:46 PM
Quote from: Cougar5.0;250175
The American motto... ;)


so is running a catless h-pipe :mullet:
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: V8Demon on January 04, 2009, 06:03:43 PM
Quote from: Cougar5.0;250175
The American motto... ;)



Maybe so, but how many of us should be wasting money in these economically tough times?  I'm sure there's a few people here who've been laid off as of late.  If it's a choice between feeling better about clean exhaust and paying the electric bill guess which one gets my vote? 

Even though the prices of crude have come crashing back down I still find myself operating as if it were $4.50 for a gallon of regular.  The Mustang and Cougar have seen a LOT less road time than at this time last year.

Until the people who make/advertise/distribute the product realize this they are doomed to not have the breakthrough in sales they so desparately want.


The American motto? 
Basic survival for some.
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: Cougar5.0 on January 04, 2009, 06:46:01 PM
It's been over 30 years since the original gas crunch. There have been several economic booms and busts in that time, so it's never been about good times versus bad. I was more or less commenting about long term planning versus short term - not simple day to day pocket book issues.
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: V8Demon on January 04, 2009, 07:14:45 PM
Quote
There have been several economic booms and busts in that time, so it's never been about good times versus bad


This is true, but even in good times some people don't have it so good.

Quote
I was more or less commenting about long term planning versus short term - not simple day to day pocket book issues.


You mean on an individual level or society as a whole?  You've lost me.... 

I still say it has to be cost effective for the public as a whole to embrace it ;)
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: Cougar5.0 on January 04, 2009, 07:28:26 PM
I actually posted this because I thought it was interesting that E10 may not reduce mileage as much as people claim.

Ethanol has no future anyway and doesn't necessarily reduce pollution, so I'm not sure where everyone is coming from.

Of course the long-term versus short-term is related to the long-term stability of our nation though. Clearly we could make cost efficient alternate fuels if we as a nation really wanted to.
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: Haystack on January 04, 2009, 10:48:16 PM
I want them to actually start looking into hydrogen and actually giving discounts for using propane. Either one is better off, cheaper, and easier to produce/distribute.
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: JeremyB on January 05, 2009, 01:49:29 PM
Quote from: Cougar5.0;250203
I actually posted this because I thought it was interesting that E10 may not reduce mileage as much as people claim.
Interesting study. First one I've to actually try and measure mpg differences.

There are a few things I didn't like about the testing methodology though.

First, funding was from a biased source, The American Coalition for Ethanol.

Second, their fueling method. They drained the tank with the in-tank pump. Then put in 5 gallons of the test fuel. I don't know about modern vehicles, but I know my Cougar/Tbird leave a decent bit of fuel (~1 gal?) of gas in the tank after the pump quits pulling gas. If you pump out gas (leaving 1 gal in),  then add in 5 gal of E10, you actually have E5.

Third, testing wasn't blind or double blind. Too easy to manipulate results by changing throttle inputs/etc when one knows what is in the tank. The plus side is their route (http://"http://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&saddr=I-29+S&daddr=44.238989,-96.757021&hl=en&geocode=FVT3rAId0gY3-g%3B&mra=dme&mrcr=0&mrsp=1&sz=14&sll=44.25854,-96.749468&sspn=0.044874,0.11158&ie=UTF8&ll=44.602202,-96.871948&spn=1.427561,3.570557&t=p&z=9") was flat and on the interstate, so if they just set the cruise you eliminate purposeful or subconscious variations.

Fourth, need more data. Each fuel was run 3 times on a ~100 mile test loop. They only released the aggregate data set. Seeing the separate runs could allow one to flesh out the severity of the fueling flaw (or if it's a problem at all) and total variability.

One odd thing I noticed was the difference in miles traveled for each testing sequence. Gasoline has the worst variation, between 317.0 and 339.7 miles. How do you travel 22.7 miles extra when you have a standardized 100 miles testing loop?


Given the unexpected outcome, I'd hope someone would go a step further and perform controlled dyno tests using standardized EPA tests and/or real world driving conditions.
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: Cougar5.0 on January 05, 2009, 02:42:19 PM
You'd think an engineering college somewhere could do a study in even more controlled conditions, though you have to admit that compared to "internet claims", they've done one heck of a lot better job of experimental control. Here is a quote from Wiki that references EPA.gov in the footnotes:

Quote
For E10 (10% ethanol and 90% gasoline), the effect (fuel economy) is small (~3%) when compared to conventional gasoline, and even smaller (1-2%) when compared to oxygenated and reformulated blends.


1-2% compared to "oxygenated & reformulated blends" seems to fall in line with the study above. Since the energy content is only about 3.4% lower in E10, people claiming 10% or more reduction in fuel mileage with E10 really should be asked about their "methods".

Quote
Based on EPA tests for all 2006 E85 models, the average fuel economy for E85 vehicles resulted 25.56% lower than unleaded gasoline.


Since E85 has about 29% less energy content, there seems to be an efficiency gain in blends that could peak at some blend between 10 & 85% which might explain the 5% lower fuel mileage of E30 versus the approx. 10% expected loss.
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: JeremyB on January 05, 2009, 03:21:17 PM
Quote from: Cougar 5.0
1-2% compared to "oxygenated & reformulated blends" seems to fall in line with the study above. Since the energy content is only about 3.4% lower in E10, people claiming 10% or more reduction in fuel mileage with E10 really should be asked about their "methods".
I would expect mpg for Ethanol blends to slightly exceed what is predicted due to decreased pumping losses.


So is it possible the 100% gasoline was a oxygenated/reformulated blend and the E10/20/30 was mixed with nonoxygenated/nonreforumlated gas?
Do they make E10 with a oxygenated/reformulated base?
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: Cougar5.0 on January 05, 2009, 05:01:41 PM
Hey man, time to do some research of your own!

I'm just a grunt! :hick:
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: V8Demon on January 05, 2009, 05:34:20 PM
Quote
I would expect mpg for Ethanol blends to slightly exceed what is predicted due to decreased pumping losses.


Interesting.  I've never heard this before....Can you elaborate a bit?
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: JeremyB on January 05, 2009, 06:10:19 PM
Actually, let me think about it some more. I may be wrong.
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: Beau on January 06, 2009, 01:31:08 AM
You say alcohol-based fuel for internal combustion engines won't last long?

I gotta say bullshiznit on that...

Also, if you build a higher compression engine, say more so than for normal octane rated gas...the alcohol will give better performace than the equal amount of gas in a purpose-built engine....after all, there's a reason it's used in the big-ass drag cars.

Alcohol fuels are the way of the future..just not produced so much from corn...you can ferment almost anything and make alcohol from it...wood chips...etc etc

Hydrogen would be a good solution...but you know how explosive that shiznit is? ;)
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: Cougar5.0 on January 06, 2009, 01:41:32 AM
The corn belt speaketh :hick:

This isn't a thread about the future of ethanol, it was just a comment I made to deflect from a diversion by another poster (who I think agrees with this statement.) I've been promoting the idea of genetically engineered high-yield ethanol producing crops for years now, but it's not as simple as I first thought it was. We'll see if the scientists and farmers can get together and solve the energy/dollar issue and then weigh that against food prices. It's still an open matter.
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: oldraven on January 06, 2009, 07:10:04 AM
Keep in mind that efficiency was never a selling point of Ethanol. Being a renewable resource that isn't sucked out of Saudi soil or massacring the Canadian Boreal Forest. The reason to use Ethanol is to burn a cleaner fuel and use less oil to get it. Anyone who told you it was for boosting efficiency or saving money was lying to make their point (that article you posted) or was just plain ignorant.
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: Cougar5.0 on January 06, 2009, 08:20:37 AM
How many times do I have to say that I posted this because I thought it was interesting that Ethanol blends may not HURT mileage as much as expected - which is all the paper discusses - only one person having actually read it best I can tell!!

Quote
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
As ethanol production and use has expanded from coast to coast in the United States,
increased public discussion and media attention has focused on various properties of
those blends versus standard unleaded gasoline. Among the most frequent matters for
debate has been the matter of fuel efficiency and the resulting effect on cost of vehicle
operation.

Quite often, opinion stated as fact has made its way into the public arena, in forms as
varied as Letters to the Editor claiming mileage losses of 15% or more, to an unscientific
test performed by a television station that showed a ten percent blend of ethanol
performed worse than unleaded, but provided more miles per gallon than premium. While
letters to the editor do evoke a certain amount of skepticism from readers, traditional
media reports often carry more weight. In the TV segment mentioned, the station clearly
stated that the test was unscientific. But the viewer was clearly left with the impression that
it was more costly to use ethanol-blended gasoline.

In a more subtle manner, ethanol’s efficiency has been brought into question as
representatives of the automotive and oil industries have stated at various times that a ten
percent blend of ethanol provides 3% less fuel efficiency. These comments were based
on the fact that a ten percent blend of ethanol has a BTU content 3% lower than gasoline,
and the assumption that the lower BTU content would result in 1-to-1 reduction in mileage
per gallon.

The ethanol industry has traditionally held the belief that ethanol’s properties as an
oxygenate would provide more complete burning of the base fuel, and offset some of the
BTU loss. Furthermore, since ethanol blends are traditionally less expensive than straight
gasoline, it stands to reason that if MPG of both types of fuel were similar, the ethanol
blend would be the better value in terms of cost per mile of operation.
When ACE responded to negative media accounts regarding ethanol blend fuel economy,
reporters typically asked for documentation of our statements. There appeared to be very
little information available. It was decided that ACE should commission a pilot study, to
determine whether there were variances in MPG between ethanol blends in gasoline.
Prior to ordering this pilot study, ACE was able to locate only one study on fuel economy
variances between ethanol-blended and non-ethanol-blended gasoline. A 1996 study by
the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee compared several types of oxygenated
reformulated gasoline to conventional unleaded. The sample also used only 5.7% ethanol
as opposed to the more common 10% blend, and several of the ethanol fuel samples
used had wide variations in BTU content. The study used vehicles manufactured from
1979 to 1994, and the sample vehicles and drivers showed some very wide deviations
from expected results. Even so, the overall variance in those tests showed that ethanolblended
RFG provided 98% of the MPG performance of conventional unleaded gasoline.

CHOICE OF FUELS TO BE TESTED

In addition to questions about E10’s efficiency versus conventional gasoline, an effort was
underway in the State of Minnesota to pass legislation that would require 20% of the
state’s fuel be ethanol by 2010. While an E20 blend was not the target of the legislation, a
decision was made to test an E20 blend (20% ethanol, 80% gasoline) to gather
information that could be relevant to that legislative effort. The fuel would be tested in the
same unmodified, non-flexible fuel vehicle, with special attention paid to any operational
variations in the engine performance (“trouble” indicator lights, hesitation, etc.) in addition
to mileage differences.

Also, due to past studies that showed some differences between ethanol blends and
conventional gasoline were reduced as ethanol percentage approached 25 to 30%, an
E30 blend (30% ethanol, 70% gasoline) was also tested. As was the case with E10 and
E20, the fuel would be tested in the same unmodified, non-flex-fuel vehicle, with special
attention paid to any operational variations in the engine performance (“trouble” indicator
lights, hesitation, etc.) in addition to mileage differences.

Finally, in earlier meetings regarding the possible project, Allen Kasperson (the individual
contracted to perform the test) mentioned that he had denatured fuel with soy diesel and
isopentane, and that the original tests of Reid vapor pressure (RVP) had shown lower
RVP in blends made with ethanol denatured in that fashion. This fuel blend was added to
the list of fuels to be tested.
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: oldraven on January 06, 2009, 09:28:56 AM
You start a thread about an article covering efficiency differences between ethanol blends and are surprised people talked about it? This isn't a Journal, man. Hah.
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: Cougar5.0 on January 06, 2009, 10:11:57 AM
They basically determined mileage differences based on real-world testing. I thought it was interesting to see that mileage wasn't as bad as predicted based on BTU content - little did I know that it was actually a political issue and that everybody would get all weird about it.

It's a mileage study!

:hick:
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: oldraven on January 06, 2009, 10:36:18 AM
Ethanol is a huge political issue. And if you open the door to conversation, expect it to waver a bit here and there. Heck, I've had to bite my tongue twice in this thread to stop myself from replying to the Hydrogen comments. I don't think anyone is getting weird about it, but you might be taking things a bit personal, thought I don't know how. ;)
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: Cougar5.0 on January 06, 2009, 11:24:51 AM
Naw, I just thought that the mileage thing was very interesting - especially the E30 which seemed to get only 5% lower mileage versus the 10% lower energy content.

I think it's within reasonable manners to ask people to comment on the topic as posted - it's my job as the Original Poster :hick:
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: oldraven on January 06, 2009, 11:53:04 AM
The thing I'm confused by is the 10% power loss. I was under the impression that Ethanol blended fuels increased output in E85 vehicles.
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: Cougar5.0 on January 06, 2009, 12:10:50 PM
Ahhh, now we're getting into a cool technical discussion as to making "more" from "less" with Ethanol!

This is where the discussion goes to the lower energy content, the 104 octane rating of E85, the very high compression ratio that allows (requires for best efficiency), and the charge cooling effect that alcohol fuels provide. (and low volatility that causes cold climate starting issues, water absorbtion, corrosiveness etc...).

This topic can be quite complicated and interesting - but it requires some research and it doesn't hurt if you're an engineer too - lol!
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: Beau on January 07, 2009, 01:41:53 AM
I'll e the first to tel lyou all that as a farmer, there's no way this country (much less it's FUBAR'd economy) could make the ethanol AND feed us, etc to totallay replace petroleum based fuels.
Ain't gonna happen, period.

But as a supplemental fuel, to help reduce emissions AND foreign oil dependence, yeah, it IS the future...

I think in the years to come we'll see alcohol plants distilling from most any organic materiel...and I'm all for it.
 
Gas here is as cheap as it's been in the last 5 years, but I'm not so naive to realize as soon as Obama runs his "relief" plan through, shiznit will go back up. What most people don't realize is..petroleum based products are  near everywhere...you use ammonia and fertilizer to grow corn crops for example...those don't come come from a tree or a lake..they come from petroleum (in part at least.)

My point is this: we as a nation, as a planet, have to investigate renewable resources..because if we don't...we may as well figure out to live on Mars...maybe that's a bit drastic, and past our lifetimes..but still.
We gotta take the least destructive path...maybe the Feds should offer bigger tax breaks on flex-fuel vehicles...?
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: Beau on January 07, 2009, 01:48:29 AM
Quote from: oldraven;250463
The thing I'm confused by is the 10% power loss. I was under the impression that Ethanol blended fuels increased output in E85 vehicles.


Not the case, actually...even though those vehicles' engines are able to burn it, they power output is actually less because alky likes/needs more compression to equal the power output of gas, at least the lower octanes of gas.

Then there's timing advancement, cooling factor, etc.

Now if you had a tuned, higher than normal compression engine, and let's say a "flip-chip" in the eec, one tune for gas, and the other tune(s) for alcohol, now that'd be a cool setup, but as long as the engine is used for both fuels, there's always gonna be a trade-off.
With the higher CR for alcohol, then you'd have to use higher octane of gasoline, thereby negating the cost savings of alcohol, assuming that you ever would use gas in it...which is almost a given, as E85 isn't available just everywhere, even today.

So it's all splitting hairs, when it gets down to it..lol
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: Cougar5.0 on January 07, 2009, 09:26:20 AM
Quote from: FordTruckFreeek;250592
I'll e the first to tell you all that as a farmer, there's no way this country (much less it's FUBAR'd economy) could make the ethanol AND feed us, etc to totallay replace petroleum based fuels.
Ain't gonna happen, period.

But as a supplemental fuel, to help reduce emissions AND foreign oil dependence, yeah, it IS the future...

I think in the years to come we'll see alcohol plants distilling from most any organic materiel...and I'm all for it.
 
Gas here is as cheap as it's been in the last 5 years, but I'm not so naive to realize as soon as Obama runs his "relief" plan through, shiznit will go back up. What most people don't realize is..petroleum based products are  near everywhere...you use ammonia and fertilizer to grow corn crops for example...those don't come come from a tree or a lake..they come from petroleum (in part at least.)

My point is this: we as a nation, as a planet, have to investigate renewable resources..because if we don't...we may as well figure out to live on Mars...maybe that's a bit drastic, and past our lifetimes..but still.
We gotta take the least destructive path...maybe the Feds should offer bigger tax breaks on flex-fuel vehicles...?


I pretty much agree with all that you've said here. If the future is using alcohol as a suppliment to gasoline until we come up with an alternative sustainable fuel, then I agree - I'd even like to see higher % ethanol blends. Perhaps some scientist will engineer a super high-yield crop for ethanol - who knows? I hope the stimulous package is successful at upping demand - I'll take keeping my job versus higher gas prices any day. We're being forced to burn up vacation time to save the company money for now, but layoffs are inevitable.

Oh, and some with tuners like the TwEECer are already experimenting with E85 tunes, though purpose-built engines would be much more efficient than converting a typical gasoline engine. E85 is very hard to find in the NE - last I checked I'd have to burn a lot of fuel to get to the nearest station.
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: Haystack on January 07, 2009, 10:21:20 AM
I think ethanol is the worst idea you could come up with. You get less power, less gas mileage, and it cost the same as regular gas. Really your paying for less. Just because it burns cleaner doesn't mean you should use it. I was the dumb ass grinning at the pump every time it hit above $60. Gas is cheap now, but it will go up again. I got really pissed off when it went up by 6 cents. Everyone at work just said "its better then $4.30 a gallon". I've said it before, and I'll say it again.

The less people use gas, the more it is going to cost. I don't know realistically why gas actually dropped in price since I started driving, but it won't last long. They know we'll pay $4 or more a gallon. So there gonna get back up to it. The more alcohol they put in it, the more you pay.
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: Cougar5.0 on January 07, 2009, 10:48:59 AM
Quote from: Haystack;250619
I think ethanol is the worst idea you could come up with. You get less power, less gas mileage, and it cost the same as regular gas. Really your paying for less. Just because it burns cleaner doesn't mean you should use it. I was the dumb ass grinning at the pump every time it hit above $60. Gas is cheap now, but it will go up again. I got really pissed off when it went up by 6 cents. Everyone at work just said "its better then $4.30 a gallon". I've said it before, and I'll say it again.

The less people use gas, the more it is going to cost. I don't know realistically why gas actually dropped in price since I started driving, but it won't last long. They know we'll pay $4 or more a gallon. So there gonna get back up to it. The more alcohol they put in it, the more you pay.


You didn't read a single post in this thread :rollin:

(OK, you may have read one post, but you missed the point entirely)
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: oldraven on January 07, 2009, 12:15:20 PM
Quote from: Haystack;250619
I think ethanol is the worst idea you could come up with. You get less power, less gas mileage, and it cost the same as regular gas. Really your paying for less. Just because it burns cleaner doesn't mean you should use it. I was the dumb ass grinning at the pump every time it hit above $60. Gas is cheap now, but it will go up again. I got really pissed off when it went up by 6 cents. Everyone at work just said "its better then $4.30 a gallon". I've said it before, and I'll say it again.

The less people use gas, the more it is going to cost. I don't know realistically why gas actually dropped in price since I started driving, but it won't last long. They know we'll pay $4 or more a gallon. So there gonna get back up to it. The more alcohol they put in it, the more you pay.


Actually, Hydrogen is the worst idea, since it costs even more, makes even less power, and it takes more energy to produce than it yields. Hydrogen as a fuel will always run at a loss, so long as physics stays the same, and I don't think there have been any amendments to those laws in quite some time.

Alcohol fuels are a very good alternative to petroleum fuels. The costs may be higher than super-cheap gas, but it's a resource that will NEVER run out, and can be produced anywhere in the world with arable land, from pretty much every living thing on our planet, not just food stocks, as so many Ethanol haters love to claim.

How about this one. Hemp derived Ethanol. The crops grow at an alarming rate, with a high yield, heavy fibre stock that requires little to no maintenance. And before you call me a hippie, know that there are strains of hemp that do not produce a THC laced bud.

And you seem to miss the concept of supply and demand. The less we burn, the less we pay, until the supply is cut back, then prices go back to their previous level. Supply up + Demand down = Costs down. Why do you think prices just plummeted? Because we cut back our consumption severely. Americans drove 11M miles fewer on Thanksgiving weekend alone compared to last year. Just like the cost of used trucks and SUVs have gone through the floor, an oversupply mixed with little to no demand made them painfully cheap.
Title: Fuel Economy Study (Ethanol blends versus std. gasoline)
Post by: TurboCoupe50 on January 11, 2009, 01:45:59 PM
We have a plant here in the SE US that can be used to make ethanol and the stuff ain't even native to the States...

I made the mistake of planting it on a ditch bank, in a couple months it had about taken over the entire side lawn, like to never got it killed...

http://chemicallygreen.com/kudzu-ethanol/